Particle Creation by Black Holes by Stephen Hawking: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "Here is a draft 9th grade level summary of the academic paper in the requested format: <file-attachment-contents> Ferroptosis and Alzheimer's Disease: A Closer Look What's this about? This paper reviews research on a type of cell death called ferroptosis and how it might relate to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s damages memory and thinking, mostly in older people. What is Ferroptosis? Ferroptosis is a way cells can die when too much iron and harmful molecules..."
 
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Here is a draft 9th grade level summary of the academic paper in the requested format:
==Particle Creation by Black Holes==


<file-attachment-contents>
===What's this about?===
Ferroptosis and Alzheimer's Disease: A Closer Look


What's this about?
This paper by physicist Stephen Hawking discusses how black holes can create and emit particles, acting like hot bodies with a temperature.


This paper reviews research on a type of cell death called ferroptosis and how it might relate to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s damages memory and thinking, mostly in older people.
===Black Holes Should Only Absorb===


What is Ferroptosis?
Classically, black holes can only absorb particles, not emit them. But quantum effects could cause emission.


Ferroptosis is a way cells can die when too much iron and harmful molecules build up inside. It causes cells to shrink and parts called mitochondria to clump. This is different from other known types of cell death.
===Black Hole Temperature===


How Iron and Fats Cause Ferroptosis:
Hawking showed that black holes emit particles like a body with temperature T proportional to the surface gravity K of the black hole. For a solar mass black hole, T is tiny.


Too much iron in cells creates toxic molecules called ROS. This can start ferroptosis. Some proteins like HSPB1 help control iron and stop this.
===Quantum Particles Near Horizon===


Certain fats in cells can react and damage mitochondria, also causing ferroptosis. An enzyme called GPX4 normally stops this. Antioxidants like vitamin E help too.  
Virtual particle pairs exist near the event horizon. A negative energy particle can tunnel inside, becoming real. The positive energy particle escapes as radiation.


ROS from excess iron accelerates the process.
===Emission Causes Black Holes to Shrink===


Amino Acids are Protective:
This emission causes black holes to slowly shrink over billions of years. Tiny primordial black holes would have evaporated by now.


Amino acids called GSH shield cells from damage. GSH requires the amino acid cysteine. Low GSH allows cell damage and ferroptosis.
===As Mass Decreases, Emission Speeds Up===


Connecting Ferroptosis to Alzheimer’s Disease:
As black holes shrink, they get hotter and emit faster. This can cause explosions releasing huge energy.


In Alzheimer’s, GSH is low in parts of the brain, suggesting early disease. More iron is also seen, which could start ferroptosis.
===Area Decreasing Violates Classical Laws===


Proteins called Aβ and Tau in Alzheimer’s brain may interact with fats and worsen cell damage from ferroptosis.
Classically, a black hole's area can't decrease. But the emission violates this, implying negative energy flow across horizon.


Some genes linked to ferroptosis are more active in Alzheimer’s patients. Understanding ferroptosis could reveal new treatments.
===Quantum Fluctuations Cause Uncertainty===


Possible Alzheimer’s Treatments:
The area decrease is due to quantum uncertainty in the horizon position, not observable negative energy.


1. Remove excess iron with drugs called chelators - some success seen.
===Emission Matches Thermal Temperature===


2. New drugs can target damaging fats - CMS121 fixes Aβ damage. Vitamin E slowed Alzheimer's for some.
Hawking showed the emission matches a thermal spectrum at temperature T, supporting thermodynamic links between T, entropy, and surface gravity.


3. Increase GSH to shield cells and repair damage - looks promising in models.
===Angular Momentum and Charge===


Other Ways to Protect the Brain:
Rotation and charge affect T. Emission carries away angular momentum and charge. Superradiance causes enhanced emission for some modes.


Substances like Ginkgolide B and salidroside raise GPX4 levels, shielding cells. The amino acid cysteine helps make GSH through the Xc system, protecting the brain.
===Back Reaction On the Metric===


The Future:
The emission causes the black hole to evolve, not remain stationary. But the approximation works until the black hole becomes very small.


More research on ferroptosis and the immune system could explain Alzheimer’s better. Important brain genes involved in ferroptosis are also being studied. Drugs to stop ferroptosis show potential. Understanding ferroptosis and Alzheimer's may lead to better treatments or prevention.
===Conclusion===


Author Contributions:
Quantum particle emission causes black holes to eventually evaporate away due to an underlying thermodynamic relationship between temperature, entropy, and surface gravity.


- Qi Han: Analyzed data
===Key References===


- Li Sun: Designed experiments and led project
    Hawking, Nature 248, 30 (1974)
    Hawking, Communications in Mathematical Physics 43, 199 (1975)
- Qi Han & Ke Xiang: Edited the paper
    Bekenstein, Physical Review D 7, 2333 (1973)


Key References:
See original paper for full details and references.
 
1. Scheltens et al. (2021). Recent review on Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet.
 
2. Pleen & Townley (2022). Update on Alzheimer’s clinical trials. Journal of Neurology.
 
3. Trejo-Lopez et al. (2022). Details on brain changes in Alzheimer's. Neurotherapeutics.
 
4. Dixon et al. (2012). Introduced ferroptosis concept. Cell.
 
5. Mou et al. (2019). Ferroptosis in cancer. Journal of Hematology & Oncology.
 
6. Huang et al. (2020). Amyloid toxicity via ferroptosis. Cell Death & Disease.
 
7. Bao et al. (2021). Iron's role in Alzheimer’s memory loss. Cell Death & Differentiation.
 
8. Hirschhorn & Stockwell (2019). History of ferroptosis discovery. Free Radical Biology & Medicine.
 
9. Shao et al. (2021). Ginkgolide B for cognitive protection. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 
 
10. Okada et al. (2019). Memantine protects the brain. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives.
 
See original paper for full citations. Links provided where available.
 
</file-attachment-contents>
 
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Latest revision as of 01:01, 19 September 2023

Particle Creation by Black Holes[edit | edit source]

What's this about?[edit | edit source]

This paper by physicist Stephen Hawking discusses how black holes can create and emit particles, acting like hot bodies with a temperature.

Black Holes Should Only Absorb[edit | edit source]

Classically, black holes can only absorb particles, not emit them. But quantum effects could cause emission.

Black Hole Temperature[edit | edit source]

Hawking showed that black holes emit particles like a body with temperature T proportional to the surface gravity K of the black hole. For a solar mass black hole, T is tiny.

Quantum Particles Near Horizon[edit | edit source]

Virtual particle pairs exist near the event horizon. A negative energy particle can tunnel inside, becoming real. The positive energy particle escapes as radiation.

Emission Causes Black Holes to Shrink[edit | edit source]

This emission causes black holes to slowly shrink over billions of years. Tiny primordial black holes would have evaporated by now.

As Mass Decreases, Emission Speeds Up[edit | edit source]

As black holes shrink, they get hotter and emit faster. This can cause explosions releasing huge energy.

Area Decreasing Violates Classical Laws[edit | edit source]

Classically, a black hole's area can't decrease. But the emission violates this, implying negative energy flow across horizon.

Quantum Fluctuations Cause Uncertainty[edit | edit source]

The area decrease is due to quantum uncertainty in the horizon position, not observable negative energy.

Emission Matches Thermal Temperature[edit | edit source]

Hawking showed the emission matches a thermal spectrum at temperature T, supporting thermodynamic links between T, entropy, and surface gravity.

Angular Momentum and Charge[edit | edit source]

Rotation and charge affect T. Emission carries away angular momentum and charge. Superradiance causes enhanced emission for some modes.

Back Reaction On the Metric[edit | edit source]

The emission causes the black hole to evolve, not remain stationary. But the approximation works until the black hole becomes very small.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Quantum particle emission causes black holes to eventually evaporate away due to an underlying thermodynamic relationship between temperature, entropy, and surface gravity.

Key References[edit | edit source]

   Hawking, Nature 248, 30 (1974)
   Hawking, Communications in Mathematical Physics 43, 199 (1975)
   Bekenstein, Physical Review D 7, 2333 (1973)

See original paper for full details and references.

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